Category: Education

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Consult-Liaison COVID-19 Education

Triangle of Thoughts, Behaviors, and Emotions.

diagram showing that thoughts, behaviors, and emotions are all interlinked

(T) = thought
(E) = emotion
(B) = behavior

All are interrelated and we can intervene at any point of the triangle to change the other factors.

Starting with THOUGHTS:

(T) “The federal government, in providing no support or interventions for the pandemic, has abandoned the people of this nation.”
(E) Anger, sometimes rage.
(B) Eat six servings of cookies.
Result? Fleeting pleasure (E) from the taste and texture of cookies, leading to thoughts of, “I ate too many cookies; I should have done something different” (T), which can lead to disappointment and guilt (E).

(T) “The federal government, in providing no support or interventions for the pandemic, has abandoned the people of this nation.”
(E) Anger, sometimes rage.
(B) Write a blog post about it.
Result? Satisfaction (E) from accomplishing a task that helps me feel more calm (E) and may help other people try something different so they can feel less anger (T).

(T) “The federal government, in providing no support or interventions for the pandemic, has abandoned the people of this nation.”
(E) Anger, sometimes rage.
(B) Go out for a walk.
Result? Sense of calm (E) due to changing my enviroment and recognizing that I am doing something to improve my health (T).

Sometimes we don’t recognize our emotions, which could result in events like this:

(T) “The federal government, in providing no support or interventions for the pandemic, has abandoned the people of this nation.”
(B) Throwing something across the room.

Starting with EMOTIONS:

(E) Grief and anger.
(B) Pull the blankets over your head.
(T) “I don’t want to get out of bed and deal with all the things related to the pandemic.”
Result? Loitering in bed (B) because the world feels overwhelming and I feel helpless (E), which makes me believe that things won’t get better (T).

(E) Grief and anger.
(B) Go out for a walk.
(T) “Look at the leafless trees, how the color of the fog matches the color of the water, how the world seems to reflect our collective mood….”
Result? Recognizing that I at least took a step to take care of my mind and body (T), which helps me feel some measure of serenity and gratitude (E).

(E) Grief and anger.
(T) Think about the how the emotions of grief and anger affect my thoughts and behaviors.
(B) Write a blog post to clarify my thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
Result? Feeling hope (E) that maybe these words will help other people feel more empowered, less lonely, and less angry (T).

There are some professionals who believe in the “primacy of thought”, meaning that they believe that thoughts precede all emotions and behaviors. I do not hold this view, as (a) our current understanding of thoughts center on the use of language, and sometimes we all struggle to name the emotions we feel and (b) reflexes circumvent thoughts (i.e., we yank our hands away from the flame without thinking about the fire burning our fingers).

Starting with BEHAVIORS:

(B) Clenching my jaw and shoulders.
(E) Anxious. Maybe angry. Maybe sad, particularly since many cultures tolerate and accept anger more than sadness.
(T) “Let’s get up and drink some water. Changing positions will help me relax my jaw and shoulders.”
Result: Momentary release of muscle tension (B) that may help reduce anxiety (E).

(B) Checking e-mail way too many times in an hour to learn updates about people staying in the shelter who may have tested positive for Covid-19.
(T) “Oh, please say that no one tested positive, please don’t let anyone have Covid….”
(E) Anxiety and fear. Probably an attempt to limit prevent guilt, too.
Result: Feeling annoyed (E) with myself for trying to control things that I cannot control (T), then resolving to get up and do something else away from the computer (T) and encouraging myself to adhere to a schedule of checking e-mail (B) so I don’t clench my jaws and shoulders (B) due to anxiety (E)

Thanks for reading this and working through this triangle with me. (This triangle forms the basis of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), in case you wish to learn more.)

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Consult-Liaison COVID-19 Education Medicine

Vulnerability and Resilience.

We had our medical staff meeting on Friday, which was the first time we had all convened since the COVID-19 epidemic was announced in Seattle-King County.

I shared with the team the following framework, which is from a paper about demoralization.[1. It is common for other medical specialties to request a psychiatric consult for a patient who seems depressed. Consultation psychiatrists often learn that it is demoralization, not depression, that results in consult requests. (Though demoralization and depression share features, most psychiatrists agree that they are distinct conditions. These distinctions are discussed further in the paper.)]

The authors note that:

Demoralization refers to the “various degrees of helplessness, hopelessness, confusion, and subjective incompetence” that people feel when sensing that they are failing their own or others’ expectations for coping with life’s adversities. Rather than coping, they struggle to survive.

and later comment that “[a]cknowledging suffering and restoring dignity are potent in strengthening a patient’s resilience to stress.”

This is the valuable table from the paper:

During this extraordinary time of the COVID-19 pandemic, this framework may help you, whether you work in medicine or not. Sometimes the act of putting words to our emotions can alleviate our discomfort and help us feel more empowered.

We may all feel overwhelmed with the emotions and experiences on the left side of the table. Many, if not all, of us during the past few weeks have felt confused, helpless, and resentful. We have felt lonely and isolated, though we may recognize that we’re lonely and isolated all together. Sometimes fear gets the best of us and we wonder if anything we do matters. Vulnerability is often an uncomfortable position.

Remember that there are things we can all do to nudge us over to the right side of the table. Thanking others helps us reconnects us with people. Looking for the helpers can inspire us and give us hope. Taking a breath (or two or three) and slowing down helps us pursue clarity so we can find the signal in the midst of all the noise. The choices we make in each moment can help us recognize and cultivate our own courage and resilience. How we choose to react to what’s happening around us can shape our purpose. Do we react in anger or kindness? Do we have faith that we will do the best that we can in face of uncertainty, or do we assume the worst in others and ourselves?

To those of you who work in emergency departments and hospitals, regardless of your role, we thank you for your courage and efforts. We in outpatient settings are doing our best to keep people healthy and out of EDs. We all look forward to the time when this will be just a memory.

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Education Seattle Systems

Recommendations to other physicians from Washington re: COVID-19.

This post isn’t polished, but (a) it seems important to get this information out and (b) it also helps me feel like I have some control over something:

I work as the medical director for a non-profit agency that serves people who are currently or formerly homeless.[1. This post is NOT on behalf of my employer! I am writing as a private citizen who has opinions.] I am trained as a psychiatrist and have previously worked in local government. I live in the county in Washington State where people have died from COVID-19.

Here are my recommendations for other physician leaders in other regions, particularly those who work in outpatient, non-profit settings. I hope this information can help you if once COVID-19 arrives in your area.

Start talking with other physician leaders that intersect with your work now. Talk about how you all will coordinate together. How can your teams all work together to ensure that only people who need ED-level services are sent there? What sort of screening will you all do? If people who don’t have homes need to self-isolate, where can they go? Establish a communication system now because when COVID-19 arrives, you don’t want to fumble through that. If you haven’t met these other people yet, meet them now.

Start talking with physicians who work in your local government. My observations thus far are that physicians in government haven’t been active in planning for systemwide medical issues, and not because they’re not interested, but rather because they are overwhelmed and there’s not enough of them. Start asking questions like: if people who are homeless need quarantine, where should they go? has the city or county started talking with the hospitals to determine a system of where people with COVID-like symptoms should go? who will get tested? is there a centralized phone number clinics can call to alert county authorities of outbreaks? what sort of communication is the city or county having with the state?.

Keep up the advocacy with state and local partners with questions related to system processes. The state and local partners likely won’t have answers, particularly if you serve underserved patients. Since COVID-19 is affecting everyone, governments are thinking about the majority of people, many of whom are the “worried well”, can self-isolate, can go see their own doctors, etc. People without the same resources can’t do the same prevention and early intervention activities, so it is vital to keep following up with government partners so they don’t forget about these underserved populations. (This also includes populations that may not seek health care services, like immigrant and refugee populations.) If you can keep up the questions to your physician partners in government, they will feel empowered to keep asking their partners (e.g., state and federal agencies) for information.

Start teaching stuff to your non-medical partners. Sometimes physicians and nurses forget what we know; we think everyone knows what we know. Agencies that serve homeless populations often don’t have medical staff, so their leadership and line staff may have questions like, “Will an air purifier eliminate COVID-19?” or “Will hydrogen peroxide kill COVID-19?” People may not know HOW to wash their hands. Advocate with your agency leadership to get hygiene supplies now (because most of the suppliers locally are sold out) and make it easy for your staff to practice good hygiene. And don’t make assumptions that people know how to do hygiene stuff.

A small minority of people will do things you won’t like. There are people calling health care agencies pretending that they are the WHO or CDC and are asking for financial information so they can steal money. Supplies, like face masks, may suddenly go missing. Prepare for these sort of disappointing behaviors.

You can’t overcommunicate. In the face of uncertainty, frustration arises. Don’t lie, either; tell people what you know and don’t know. That way, they will be more likely to trust you when you do have recommendations.

Support your staff. You can’t rely on your staff to take care of other people if your staff don’t think you are taking care of them. We heard a comment today during a phone call that an estimated 40% of staff will be out of the office due to illness. Some may also call out because of fear. We can appeal to the better natures of our teams, but they won’t rise to the challenge if they think we don’t care about them. And if they don’t think we don’t care about them, then they won’t have the emotional and cognitive capacity to care for patients. (This applies to local government, too: They must take care of the agencies that provide services on their behalf, or otherwise the agencies will feel unsupported and may not extend themselves.)

People are expressing and demonstrating anxiety, which is fine—there are reasons to worry. But there are things we can do as leaders to acknowledge and mitigate that anxiety. Start now.

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Education Lessons Nonfiction Policy Reflection Systems

What I Learned in Government.

It’s been nearly four months since I posted something here. Don’t be fooled: The lack of words here did not mean an absence of word salads tossing about in my head.

I recently resigned from my job. (All The Things related to that contributed to my silence here.) My job had two parts: One involved administrative work as the behavioral health medical director for local government; the other involved direct clinical service in a jail. I was in that job for over five years. It took me about two and a half years to figure out what an administrative medical director does. (As the process of becoming a doctor involves frequently feeling incompetent, this discomfort wasn’t new to me.) Now that I’m on the other side of this job, here’s what I’ve learned:

I believe government can do good things. You know that stereotype that government employees are lazy? I did not find that to be true. Every organization has a proportion of staff who do not seem motivated or interested. The proportion, in my experience, does not seem higher in government. If anything, many of my colleagues came to government with eager hopes of improving the community. They came in early, stayed late, and worked on weekends. They convened groups with opposing viewpoints, advocated for different populations in the region, and expressed dissent to people in power. They sought out and willingly worked on complicated problems. They demonstrated the humility that comes with the realization that tax payers are funding their salaries.

I do not enjoy the game of politics. Some people love it! They enjoy the contests of status, flaunting their connections, and attacking perceived enemies in public forums with the brightest of smiles. Sometimes people asked me to speak, not because they cared about the content of my words, but because of my credential as a physician. (“Let’s trot out The Doctor.”) I grumbled about “perception management”; often it seemed that the surface sheen mattered more than the substance underneath. (On the other hand, it is likely that my glittery MD credential is what allowed me to say to superiors that poop will never develop a patina. It is unfair that systems often value specific people more simply because of the letters after their names.)

Government work has made me both more and less patient. It takes time to elicit ideas and information from “stakeholders”, community members, and others. People want to and should be involved if a policy or program will impact their lives. They share perspectives that government never thought to consider. I respect that process. I am less patient with the nonsense people and systems can generate to subvert fair processes. Some people are more prone than others to misuse power. That’s hard to watch in a system like government, which has access to and authority over so much money… and, in our current system, whoever has more money almost always has more power.

I learned a lot about laws and regulations. I came to appreciate the value of regulations, though they tend to address the lowest common denominator. Government spends most of its time aiming low to define the floor instead of inspiring people to elevate the ceiling. (I wrote more about this here.)

Government administrators forget what happens in direct service. Though many people in government once provided “front line” services—as attorneys, social workers, counselors, activists, whatever—many of them seem to forget the challenges of systems that are intended to help people. This includes the thousand little cuts of too much paperwork and the major crises of people dying due to missing or underfunded services. My opinion that all medical directors should routinely provide direct clinical service has only gotten stronger with this experience. Someone has to inform the others at The Table what’s going on outside.

Systems are made of people. Contemporary discourse often focuses on systems, not people… but people make up systems (i.e., individuals create, operate, and maintain systems). As such, single individuals can still have significant impacts on systems. This includes grinding things to a halt… or breathing life into new programs. (This is where political gamesmanship can be useful.) The hierarchical organizational chart can lead people who are “lower” to think that their efforts don’t matter, but that’s simply untrue. Systems can change because people can change… whether that’s because people actually change their ideas and behavior or people in certain positions leave.

I am deeply grateful for the opportunity to work in government. I never thought I would work as a civil servant (and, in fact, there was a time when I said I’d never work for government… which is why I’ve stopped making five-year plans). If for nothing else, now that I’ve been on the inside, I can use that experience and knowledge on the outside.

The outside suits me better. So it’s time to go back.

Categories
Consult-Liaison Education

Most People Do Okay Most of the Time.

Because May is Mental Health Month, I was asked to present information about mental health to a lay audience. This is both an exciting and daunting task. I imagine it’s like asking someone to talk about fish. There are so many kinds of fish! They live in many habitats! Some of them look more like snakes than fish! There are so many directions to go.

I have given a “psychiatry 101” talk to many non-clinical audiences in the past. While reviewing my notes, it became clear that, while this presentation offers useful introduction, the underlying message is that psychiatry focuses on pathology. (This is a common theme in medicine: Doctors are often much better at looking for and finding things that are wrong than at pointing out and supporting things that are going well.)

So, here are three things about psychiatry that don’t focus on pathology:

People are resilient. I remain amazed with the capacity people have to take care of themselves and others when everything is falling apart.

Even though the majority of people experience terrible trauma—war, rapes, natural and unnatural disasters, etc.—most of them will not develop post-traumatic stress disorder. Most people at some point will experience heartbreaking grief following the death of a loved one, but the vast majority will not develop major depression or complicated grief.

People go to work, take care of children, and support their friends despite hearing disturbing voices, thinking about suicide, and feeling unsafe in public. They find ways to help themselves that have nothing to do with formal psychiatric interventions: The man hearing disturbing voices might put on headphones and play the same song over and over again. The woman thinking about suicide might sign up for an extra volunteer shift at the animal shelter so she is around other people. The military veteran might sit in the rear corner of the movie theatre.

Most people do okay most of the time.

It’s okay to not feel good. The goal of feeling happy or serene all the time is an impossible goal. Everyone at some point thinks disturbing thoughts. Just because it seems like everyone else is happy or serene doesn’t actually mean that they are happy or serene.

While our thoughts and emotions may seem illogical at times (“why am I thinking about that?” “why do I feel this way right now?”), that doesn’t mean that something is wrong. Sometimes your thoughts and emotions are treasure troves of information: Your internal experiences give you information about the person you’re talking to, the situation you’re in, and what your next steps should be.

The definitions of psychiatric disorders are not solely limited to “not feeling good” or disliking an emotional experience. Sometimes we don’t feel good. Sometimes that lasts longer than we want. But that doesn’t mean you have a terminal emotional illness.

Most people do okay most of the time.

Behaviors serve a purpose. We all do things that other people think are weird. The spectrum of weirdness is wide, but, if we are lucky to learn more, we can find out the basis behind the behavior.

Why doesn’t she speak up more? Because she believes that no one will find her remarks helpful.

Why won’t he wear anything other than sweatpants? Because he wants to spend his money on fancy cars.

Why won’t she stop smoking methamphetamine? Because it helps her stay awake at night so the men won’t rape her.

Why does he apologize all the time? Because, as a child, he learned that if he apologized a lot, he might be able to stop his father from beating him.

Why does he say things like, “I know a lot about wind” and “I know more about drones than anybody”? I mean, who knows. Is this the only way he knows how to interact with other people? Have these sorts of boasts helped him succeed in the past in relationships and business deals?

The definitions of psychiatric disorders are not solely limited to “doing weird things”. If we do certain things that help us or get things that we want, we will continue to do those things. Sometimes we continue to do those things even when they no longer help us as they once did. But that doesn’t mean you have a terminal psychiatric illness.

Most people do okay most of the time.